A Historical Perspective on Blockchain

Blockchain is not the first decentralization movement. What can it learn from its most immediate predecessor – P2P?

While everything about the blockchain revolution may seem revolutionary, it’s not the first wave of decentralization. A perspective on blockchain reveals that there’s a pendulum that swings between centralization and decentralization in computing going back half a century. The dominance of the mainframe with dumb terminals in the 70s becomes more decentralized in the 80s with server-client architectures and even further with powerful desktop apps as PCs dominate the 90s.  In the 00s and early teens the pendulum swings back towards centralization with cloud services, SaaS, and even virtual terminals implemented by security-conscious CIOs. And now the blockchain is serving as the vanguard of a new movement where decentralization is a core of the ethos.

The Forgotten Revolution: Post-Napster P2P

But not all waves turn into tsunamis. Shortly before the last big surge of centralization towards the cloud, there was a brief moment circa 2000-2002 when it seemed that a new form of decentralization – P2P (or P-to-P as my editor insisted on using) computing– would swing the pendulum back. Bolstered by the loud explosion of Napster, Limewire and other facilitators of the “information wants to be free” idea; as well as the more socially conscious pursuits like SETI@home and various protein folding distributed compute apps, P2P promised to bring power back to the periphery. Some of the most promising from an enterprise perspective – such as Groove Networks – aimed to reinvent collaboration as well.

As a market analyst at Aberdeen, I had a front seat for that ride – conferences with visionary startup founders promising to change the world through decentralized technologies; anarchists ready to use it to tear down the established order; brilliant people like Larry Lessig, Ray Ozzie, and Clay Shirky developing an ideological framework for how to reshape our view of intellectual property and collaboration in this new world; and the most energy I’ve ever seen in any community until the blockchain.  And that makes the lessons of this forgotten wave relevant to today.

P2P was, much like blockchain, more than a technology. A perspective on blockchain highlights that it was a movement that expected decentralization to change the world. Much of the creative energy grew from a sense that information wants to be free – that with the wonderful world of the internet, the old protections around who gets to create, control, transform, and distribute content and data become woefully outdated. And, just like today, people were grappling with the problem of how to bring order and governance to this movement without undermining its core spirit.

Death Without a Blaze of Glory

It’s not too much of a spoiler to reveal that most of the P2P movement fizzled. Groove got bought up by Microsoft, primarily to recruit Ray Ozzie, and then was slowly wrapped into Sharepoint with barely a trace of its P2P roots. Seti@home keeps chugging, albeit with much less cachet. Limewire, Kazaa, Grokster, and the like faded away in a blizzard of lawsuits, with pirates moving to bittorrent and legitimate users to iTunes and Amazon.

Unlike the dot-com era, there was no Amazon emerging from the ashes; only one-liners on various distinguished LinkedIn profiles. A few concepts had a brighter future – for example, blogging has its philosophical roots in that wave of decentralization – the power to the people ethos of “anyone can publish” was still new and exciting. However, even that eventually got pre-empted by centralized social media platforms, and the legacy of decentralizing access to a global soapbox may wind up being the loss of consensus about the truth.

With that ignoble crash in hindsight, even my conservative and skeptical publications on the subject look embarrasingly optimistic in retrospect. I’ll omit the embarrassing hockey stick market growth projections here. But one phrase from the report remains true: “after the hype dies down, there will be no more companies claiming to be P-to-P companies. Rather, there will be content delivery, high-end processing, collaboration, and information infrastructure companies using P-to-P technologies.”

Substitute “blockchain” for “P-to-P” and it’s applicable today – you can’t be a blockchain company. You need to be a solutions company using blockchain.

What’s Different This Time

The primary difference between the environment of 2001 and 2018 is financial. P2P was late to the investment insanity of the dot-com era, and came of age during a horrific technology crash where budgets were decimated and VC funding dried up. My comprehensive tally of the most viable P2P ventures at the time counted a total VC investment of $380M. The total market cap of the top 100 cryptocurrencies is, as of the time of this writing, $370B. That’s billion with a B – almost 1000 times as much as the P2P market. Some of it is ephemeral and subject to the ups and downs of bitcoin. But even a crash of 50% or 75% won’t bring the industry to its knees.Shorten with AI

VCs are also different from blockchain investors. While P2P had its idealist backers, none of them were prepared to drop much cash into new ventures with questionable legal status; uncertain revenue models; and unconventional goals, especially after getting burned on the dot-com crash. The blockchain has a small circle of bitcoin billionaires that can break the mold. Some are open advocates of the technology’s revolutionary potential, like Puerto Rico crypto-utopia crowd. Some prefer to remain more anonymous. But make no mistake, the goal of the blockchain game is not to make money – it’s to change the world.

Finally, a more subtle difference is in the aims of this idealism. The P2P revolution was tightly entwined with the idea of the creative commons – that all creativity is based on what came previously and an overly rigorous intellectual property system protects economic rents while stifling future innovation. The slogan of this time was “information wants to be free”. This spirit of free giving is reflected in the wikis and blogs that proliferated during this time. The blockchain revolution retains a lot of the underlying principle, but recognizes that the creative commons has its own tragedy – in that monetization still happens, but the profits go to the platform, not the creator. The aim of many of the most popular initiatives centered around creativity is to not make information free, but to redirect rewards to the creators.Shorten with AI

From a perspective on blockchain, this idealism does not change the fundamental idea that the blockchain needs to produce value for users and not just re-invent the wheel. However, it does create a different timeline and set of expectations for ventures in this era.

Up Next: What to Do with Blockchain’s Fortunate Start?

Now what do we do with that power? How can the blockchain community focus its efforts on the right activities to be truly impactful? That’s the subject for the next post.

We are living between worlds, caught in the tidal pull of forces that threaten to either centralize power beyond recovery or shatter it into a million ungovernable pieces. The blockchain is not a technology; it is an inflection point, a civilizational fulcrum upon which our definitions of trust, value, and control now pivot. To see it as merely a new form of computing is to miss the ghost in the machine—the spectral history of the last great decentralization movement that promised a revolution and delivered only a footnote.

I remember the texture of that forgotten revolution. I can still feel the specific, manic energy in the conference rooms circa 2001, a physical hum of utopian fervor. It was a world of sharp-suited venture capitalists and anarchist coders in the same room, all vibrating with the promise of Peer-to-Peer. I recall the heft of a glossy Aberdeen report in my hands, its hockey-stick graphs projecting a future that never arrived. I remember the almost-audible click of Ray Ozzie’s Groove being absorbed into the Borg-like monolith of Microsoft SharePoint, the digital sound of a dream being quietly dismantled.

The fatal flaw in the P2P movement was not its technology, but its soul. It was a movement built on a slogan: “Information wants to be free.” This was its poetry, and its poison. The system it proposed was one of creative commons idealism, a noble vision that failed to account for the raw, unyielding physics of capital. Value, like water, always finds a path. In the absence of a native economic model, the value created by decentralized publishing and file-sharing didn’t vanish; it was simply captured by centralized platforms. The power of the people was pre-empted by the power of the aggregator. The blockchain, by contrast, is born with a native economic engine. Tokenization is not a feature; it is the core structural insight. It attempts to weld economic incentive directly to the act of creation and participation, redirecting the rewards not to the platform, but to the periphery.

I carry the ghost of that era in my own bones. Looking back at the reports I published, the embarrassingly optimistic market projections I put my name to, is a sharp lesson in humility. There is a particular strain of shame that comes from being a professional forecaster whose forecasts are rendered absurd by time. I had a front-row seat to the P2P revolution, and for all my analysis, I mistook a brief, bright flare for the dawn. That failure seasons my view of the blockchain. It forces a skepticism that is not cynicism, but a hard-won understanding that world-changing technology is never enough. The architecture of the system is everything.

The future is not decentralized. It is re-centralized around new poles of power.